TYLER, Seth; SMITH, Julian P.S., III: Evolution of the metazoan integument The seminal step that set the stage for complexly structured metazoans–namely, those with tissues and organs–was the origin of epithelia. Once cells were able to organize themselves into sheets that could physiologically isolate compartments, particularly the outside environment from an internal one, they provided […]

MARTINDALE, m.q.*; FINNERTY, J.: Developmental patterning in “pre-bilaterians”: Can we get there from here? A great deal of attention has been focused on the conservation of cellular and molecular developmental mechanisms of bilaterian metazoans. Scenarios have been based primarily on data obtained from only a handful of model systems. As the data from disparate protostomes […]

MICHOD, RE: Cooperation and Conflict in the Evolution of Multicellularity The organization of the living world is hierarchical; lower level units group together and cooperate to form higher levels of organization. Major landmarks in the diversification of life have involved transitions between these hierarchical levels. To be able to adapt to their environment, evolutionary units […]

CLAPHAM, M.E.*; NARBONNE, G.M.; GEHLING, J.G.: Community ecology of Ediacaran fossil assemblages at Mistaken Point, Newfoundland Ediacaran fossils at Mistaken Point have been reliably dated at 565 Ma, making them the oldest complex animals in the world. The biota includes the most spectacularly preserved Neoproterozoic fossil assemblages in the world and is one of the […]

DEWEL, R.A.*; CONNELL, M.U.; DEWEL, W.C.: Bridging morphological transitions to the Metazoa Our grasp of the development of metazoan complexity has been impeded by several misconceptions regarding the evolution of the eukaryotes. One is the idea that living organisms can be divided into �kingdoms� such as the Protozoa and Animalia with the result that many […]

BENGTSON, Stefan: Biomineralized skeletons – when, where, and why did they evolve? Biomineralization can be usefully thought of as biologically induced vs. biologically controlled. Biologically induced mineralization is probably as old as life itself (it is often a side effect of life processes) whereas biologically controlled mineralization generally requires sophisticated physiological mechanisms and appears later […]

DZIK, J.: Anatomical information content in the Ediacarian fossils Various modes of preservation of the Ediacarian fossils within different sediments, the sand at Zimnie Gory in northern Russia and lime mud at Khorbusuonka in northern Yakutia, show that the sediment was liquid long after formation of the imprints and that its mineralogy did not matter. […]

MCCORMICK, Stephen D.; HIROI, Junya; USGS, Conte Anadromous Fish Research Center, Turners Falls, MA, USA: The effect of salinity on CFTR, NKCC, and Na,K-ATPase in gill chloride cells of teleost fish. The localization, quantitation and effect of salinity on the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR), Na,K,2Cl cotransporter (NKCC) and sodium pump (Na,K-ATPase) were examined in […]

BEAR, C.E., E; LI, C., ; KIDD, J.F., ; KOGAN, I., ; HUAN, L.-J., ; RAMJEESINGH, M., ; Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada: Quaternary structure of CFTR and putative intramolecular interactions may mediate CFTR function CFTR is a member of the ABC superfamily of transport ATPases. Recent high resolution structures of intact procaryotic transporters […]

HANRAHAN, J.W.; HINKSON, D.A.R.; EVAGELIDIS, A.; LUO, Y.; RIORDAN, J.R.; CHANG, X.-B. *more*; McGill Univ.; McGill Univ.; McGill Univ.; McGill Univ.; Mayo Clinic Scottsdale; Mayo Clinic Scottsdale *more*: PHOSPHORYLATION CONTROL OF CFTR CHANNEL ACTIVITY AND DOMAIN-DOMAIN INTERACTIONS CFTR is controlled by its regulatory or �R� domain, which has many consensus sequences for phosphorylation by PKA […]