Meeting Abstract
Ants and many lycaenid butterflies have evolved a mutualistic relationship, where ants feed on carbohydrate-rich secretions from larvae and in return may provide protective or physiological benefits to the butterfly. The Miami blue butterfly (Cyclargus thomasi bethunebakeri) is a federally endangered butterfly found only in the Florida Keys and associates with several ant species. Female Miami blue butterflies have shown to benefit physiologically from increased ant tending by carpenter ants (Camponotus floridanus). However, the primary advantage of ant association for lycaenid larvae is typically defense against natural enemies. We experimentally assessed the protective benefits carpenter ants may provide to Miami blue larvae against common insect predators. We also evaluated predation rates on various Miami blue life stages from two invasive ants: Pseudomyrmex gracilis and Solenopsis invicta. Interactions and behaviors were categorized and assessed to determine how behavior benefits protection. A life table determined which life stage has the highest probability of being predated. Difference in survivorship life stages was significant: eggs and early instar larvae had a higher probability of being predated since these life stages are not tended as frequently. Mortality of Miami blue larvae was significantly higher in the absence of C. floridanus, suggesting that these tending ants can be effective in protecting later instar larvae against insect predators. These results are critical for successful organism reintroductions and conservation efforts for the Miami blue butterfly, especially during a critical time as species interactions are changing in this vulnerable habitat.
