Un-sheathed ungual vs keratin structure and function in raptors


SOCIETY FOR INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY
2021 VIRTUAL ANNUAL MEETING (VAM)
January 3 – Febuary 28, 2021

Meeting Abstract


38-10  Sat Jan 2  Un-sheathed: ungual vs. keratin structure and function in raptors Coon, T*; Peragine, P; Chase, HT; Tobalske, B; University of Montana; Montana State teakettlebookshelf@gmail.com

An accurate understanding of structures in extant taxa can be used to determine function and behavior in extinct species. Interpretation of the enlarged second pedal claw (C2) present in Dromaeosaurids, an extinct theropod, remains unclear despite multiple approaches that consider claw structure in extant birds. Using only the ungual bone of Dromaeosaurid fossils, information will always be lacking with regard to the functional morphology of a claw. But potential similarities can be understood between the claws of extant raptors and their extinct cousins if the relationship between ungual structure and sheath structure can be found. To analyze this relationship, we used high resolution microCT scans of C2 of five extant birds of prey (golden eagle, great horned owl, goshawk, osprey, red-tailed hawk). Measurements of the inner and outer curvature of both sheath and ungual, and the tip-to-tip length from sheath to ungual, were determined using longitudinal slices. Five cross-sectional slices were used to compare the ungual and sheath morphology along the length of the claw. High morphological variation was found across species. In cross-sectional shape, the eagle differed largely from both hawks, which may conflict with previous interpretations of dromaeosaur predatory behavior based on similarities to Accipitrid curvature. Some talons brandished sharp, ridge-like structures, which have previously not been described. Preliminary results demonstrate extensive and previously undescribed morphological variation between ungual and sheath structure across species. Ongoing work using 3D prints and mechanical tests of both sheath and ungual will provide better insight into the functional implications of this structural variation, as well as of unique features like the keratinous ridge.

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