As urbanization accelerates globally, the impacts of artificial light at night (ALAN) on a variety of species are increasing. While negative impacts of ALAN have been documented in many taxa, little is known about the effects of ALAN on lizards. Many lizard species thrive in urban habitats, and both nocturnal and diurnal lizards are known to exploit the “night-light niche.” While these species may benefit from increased opportunities created by artificial light sources, few studies have quantified impacts of ecologically-relevant levels of ALAN on lizards in the lab or field. Anoles are diurnal lizards amenable to lab and field studies that manipulate ALAN. An established body of research on anole physiology, behavior, natural history, and ecology make them an ideal group in which to investigate the effects of ALAN. In a variety of field and lab experiments, we have found some anticipated negative consequences of ALAN on anoles as well as unexpected positive effects. Anoles exposed to ALAN were warier at night and had lower blood glucose and decreased endurance during the day, indicating potential costs to exposure. However, anoles did not avoid ALAN and in some cases were able to exploit ALAN to capture prey. Anoles exposed to ALAN in the lab reproduced earlier in the spring and experienced higher growth and reproduction without concomitant increases in corticosterone, suggesting that they might achieve higher fitness in the presence of ALAN. Intriguingly, many species of anoles which utilize ALAN are also successful invaders and exploiters of urban areas. Taken together this evidence suggests that future work should examine whether the ability to tolerate or benefit from ALAN may be an important filter determining which species occupy urban environments or successfully invade novel human-impacted habitats.