Modelling the relationship between frog morphology and swimming performance over multiple kicking cycles


SOCIETY FOR INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY
2021 VIRTUAL ANNUAL MEETING (VAM)
January 3 – Febuary 28, 2021

Meeting Abstract


P40-6  Sat Jan 2  Modelling the relationship between frog morphology and swimming performance over multiple kicking cycles Richards, CT*; Moen, DS; The Royal Veterinary College; Oklahoma State University ctrichards@rvc.ac.uk

Despite their distinct body form, frogs show considerable diversity in traits that affect locomotion, including swimming. While frog swimming has often been mathematically modelled, many approaches are abstract and include parameters that do not directly relate to anatomical measurements on real specimens. On the other hand, other models are too complex and cannot be easily generalized for broad taxonomic comparisons. Towards a framework for linking morphology and performance across a diversity of anurans, we developed a model that allows for broad explorations of body and limb morphology whilst minimizing the number of parameters. All model parameters map explicitly to anatomical measurements that can be gathered from specimens or literature. The power stroke is driven by a Hill-type muscle representing the lumped hindlimb extensor muscles driving the translational and rotational foot movements. The recovery stroke is modelled kinematically to allow the legs to kick at various user-defined swimming frequencies, mimicking the range seen among species. In a preliminary exploration, we varied cycle frequency from 1 to 9 Hz while also varying the surface area of the webbed feet. Both ranges of variation were based on our previously collected data from a broad diversity of species. Mean swimming velocity over multiple strokes showed a parabolic relationship with frequency, with maximum speed at ~5 Hz. Over an eightfold increase in foot size, speed increased more sharply at low versus high cycle frequencies. Further simulations will be required to evaluate how foot and body morphology interact with swimming strategy to dictate swimming performance.

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