O’CONNELL-RODWELL, C.E.*; ARNASON, B.; HART, L.A.: Exploring the Possibility of Low-Frequency Seismic Communication in Elephants and Other Large Mammals

As an elephant vocalizes with low frequency rumbles, a signal replica is propagated in the ground. Using seismic modeling, we estimated that the elephant rumbles that we recorded could potentially travel up to 16.7 km in the ground and foot stomps from a mock charge could possibly travel up to 32 kilometers. To determine if elephants can detect these seismic signals, we conducted seismic playback experiments with African and Asian elephants. Previously recorded seismic components of particular elephant vocalizations were played back through two specially adapted 50 W seismic transmitters at 10 m distances from the elephant. A TEAC digital recorder provided the signal source for the transmitters. Playback signals and elephant responses were recorded close to the elephant on a TASCAM 2-channel digital recorder through a 20 Hz Mandrel geophone and Neumann low frequency microphone. Real time monitoring on a laptop using SpectraPLUS software ensured signal integrity, without coupling into the air. To assess detection of seismic signals, elephant behavior was monitored through video and visual observations. We are also investigating organs of interest on the elephant’s head and feet as candidates for special seismic and auditory sensitivity. If elephants detect seismic components of their vocalizations, communication may be possible at greater distances than previously thought. The results of this study may have significant implications for elephant long distance communication and a better understanding of elephant audition. Possible seismic communication in other large mammals such as lions and bison is also discussed.