Environmental change during development can result in long term effects on individual physiology and behavior, with implications for disease and predation risk. We examined the effects of simulated pond-drying and elevated water temperatures on development, thermal physiology, and behavior in a widespread North American amphibian, Rana sphenocephala. Tadpoles were raised in outdoor mesocosms under warming and drying regimes based on projected climatic conditions. We predicted that amphibians experiencing rapid pond drying and elevated pond temperatures associated with climate change would accelerate development and demonstrate long-term differences in physiology and exploratory behavior post-metamorphosis. Both drying and warming accelerated development and reduced survival to metamorphosis. In addition, frogs with shorter larval periods had lower critical thermal minima and maxima. We also found that developing under warming and drying resulted in a less exploratory behavioral phenotype, and that drying resulted in warmer thermal preferences. Furthermore, behavioral phenotype predicted thermal preference, with less exploratory animals selecting warmer temperatures. Our results indicate that early developmental environments can impact behavior and physiology later in life. This is important because thermal preferences can influence disease risk through behavioral thermoregulation, and an exploratory phenotype may increase risk of predation or pathogen encounter. Due to their potential impacts on thermal physiology and behavior, in combination with previously documented effects on immune function, climatic stressors during development may alter amphibian exposure and susceptibility to predators and pathogens into adulthood.