Convergent evolution—or the emergence of similar traits in unrelated lineages—is common in the animal world. Despite many examples of this phenomenon, we lack a strong understanding of whether these repeated evolutionary events are facilitated by similar changes to the animals’ underlying physiology. Our study addresses this gap by examining whether the convergence of an elaborate gestural display in frogs, called foot-flagging behavior, is associated with similar changes to androgen receptor (AR) levels in hind limb musculature. We show that repeated evolution of this novel display across the Anuran phylogeny is associated with an increase in the expression of AR mRNA in thigh muscles that actuate the signal. Moreover, this link between behavior and a node within the androgen hormone system evolves in a mosaic fashion, in that its evolutionary path looks different in each clade. Finally, we find that species differences in the complexity of foot-flagging routine are not associated with such variation in thigh muscle AR, at least within a single genus of foot-flagging taxa. Together, our results suggest that androgen-muscle interactions provide a common conduit for convergence in sexual display behavior, but the dynamics of the physiological systems in these independent evolutionary events are variable.