CHAMBERS, D.L.*; HULSE, A.C.; Virginia Tech; Indiana University of Pennsylvania: Amphibians and Reptiles as Possible Sources of Salmonella Infection to Humans

Salmonellosis affects more people and animals worldwide than any other zoonotic disease. Over 1.3 million human cases are reported each year in the United States, with 600 resulting in death. The occurrence of Salmonella in natural populations amphibians and reptiles of any region in the United States has never been fully examined. In addition, reports documenting Salmonella in frogs and salamanders are practically non-existent. The primary objective of this study was to determine the occurrence of Salmonella in the herpetofauna of Indiana County, Pennsylvania. Samples were collected from free-living amphibians and reptiles within the county. Salmonella was enriched from the samples using tetrathionate broth and cultured on brilliant-green agar plates. Serotyping was conducted using the Kauffmann-White Schema. One hundred fifty-six samples from 34 different species were discovered within the county. Thirty-six of 92 (39.1%) amphibian samples and 61 of 64 (95.3%) reptile samples tested positive. Thirty-three different Salmonella serotypes were isolated. In addition, we examined transmission of Salmonella from adult to young. No amphibian larvae or tadpoles tested positive. However, transmission in two snake species did occur, with all neonates testing positive. Results suggests that while amphibians can pose a threat, they are not a likely source of human infection as compared to reptiles. Proper precautionary measures, therefore, should be taken when handling or housing any reptile or amphibian in the field or as a pet. Further understanding of the Salmonella in reptiles and amphibians may help in preventing future human cases.